Business Naming Basics

Business naming and linguistics – plosives

Business naming can be as easy as having an “aha” moment, or as complicated as introducing the science of linguistics to the naming process and to name evaluation.

Linguistics is a study of language based upon how words are physically formed by vocal cords-lungs-pallet-tongue-lips. It has its own array of distinct definitions for various sounds and how they’re made. There are those who advocate a linguistic approach to naming a company of product, and particularly encourage the use of certain consonants labeled “plosives”.

Plosives burst from the mouth

Plosives are letters that when verbalized require three vocal actions (as described in Wikipedia):

Catch: The airway closes so that no air can escape through the mouth.
Hold or occlusion: The airway stays closed, causing a pressure difference to build.
Release or burst: The closure is opened. In the case of plosives, the released airflow produces a sudden impulse causing an audible sound (hence the name plosive).

The letters from English that meet those characteristics are: B, hard C, D, hard G, K, P and T.

Why are plosives encouraged?

First, they dominate other letters in the words in which they appear. They demand our attention when pronounced. This is particularly so when a plosive begins a word. So several naming companies suggest one criteria of a good name is whether it begins with a plosive. Two names are usually cited as good examples of strong brand names using plosives: Kodak and Coke. Other obvious examples: Die-Hard, Texaco, Pepsi, Brillo and Glade.

Plosive usage by INC 500 companies.

But among the fastest growing U.S. companies, as measured by the Inc 500, business names beginning with a plosive are only slightly more popular than those beginning with other letters. (Recall that I’ve analyzed the names contained in those INC 500 lists for the past 12 years, and that I’m reporting some of the conclusions I’ve reached in this blog.)

In analyzing the first letter of the names, the most significant conclusion about plosive usage among INC 500 is that it appears to be almost random. True, two plosives (C and P) are also top-five first-letters, but P declined in popularity since 2001 and not all C’s used in naming are hard C’s. On average, the use of those seven first-character plosive names has remained stable over the 12-year span, and represents 35% of all company names. In contrast, the use of any seven random characters is 27% on average.

I suggest it’s worth investigating the use of plosives as first-characters in names, but only as a secondary factor. There are certainly other factors more important in name creation and evaluation.

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Every year I analyze the company naming practices of the fast growing private companies listed in the annual INC 500 issue of INC™ Magazine. Then I compare the business naming trends over time – for the past 12 years in fact – 1998 through 2009. This is a 6,000 name universe, less those that show up on the list for multiple years.

Here are a few highlights:

Names incorporating coined words increased 57-percent over the 12-year period, from 23-percent of all names in 1998 to 35-percent in 2009. Coined word names represent 30-percent of all names in the study.

Combined-word names (PowerLight, Staffworks) grew at a faster rate than other coined-word names, going from 27-percent of coined-word names in 1998 to 45-percent in 2009. It was the second most popular category behind Suggestive names in 2009.

Descriptive names decreased from 18-percent in 1998 to 14-percent in 2009. They were bested by Suggestive names in four of the past five years. Even so, they represent the most names over the 12 years.

One-word names increased by 70-percent over the twelve-year span. The number three-word-and-more names declined by 40-percent.

All-in-all, fast growing companies seem to be embracing better naming methods. Particularly the last two factoids are encouraging. Descriptive names, by and large, are indistinctive, and usually result in longer names – usually three-word names. And three-letter names will usually turn into impersonal, undifferentiating sets of initials that are hard to remember even if you might want to remember them.

Now I’m not suggesting that the companies on the INC 500 list got there because they had great names. A great many got there in spite of poor names -Utility Integration Solutions, Integrated Mortgage Solutions, SDV Solutions readily come to mind. So perhaps a company name is not a major ingredient in corporate growth, but adding a great business name to the mix sure doesn’t hurt.

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If you’ve followed my blog postings concerning business naming, you’ll know I emphasize going for quantity first.

By getting as many word combinations and approaches to naming as you can – not stopping until you have at least a couple of hundred name candidates – you’ll enjoy two advantages. The first, at least a dozen or so candidates that will work as your company name. The second, and probably most important, are the directions that some of the candidates will lead you. They become catalysts for fresh naming ideas that are relevant but novel, the very characteristics I look for in a business name.

One method of creating that long list of candidates involves building a “mind map” of synonyms and associated words. You begin with a characteristic you’d like your name to possess. In the example below, it’s a “sexy name”.

Then think of the obvious words that convey sexy: romance, passion, spicy, etc. Make each one a branch from the sexy name root. Then for each of these sub-branches, list their synonyms. Just take them directly from a good thesaurus like Roget’s 21st Century Thesaurus. (I particularly like this one because of the cross references to concepts, i.e. associated words which I can also add.)

You might also add some sub-branches for animals, flowers, colors, scents, etc. that you think convey sexy.

Now begin combining words from one branch with words from a second branch, then a third, etc. It won’t take but 10 to 20 minutes until you have a large list of candidates, each that might be a name or a path to one.

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Business names that were created prior to the Internet becoming as pervasive as it is now sometimes struggle with their name because their original name is just too long to be used as a domain name.

I believe that’s why we’ve seem many of these traditional marketers using abbreviated names – nick names or a string of initials – in their promotions recently. Otherwize, I don’t see why they’d mess with their name’s equity.

Most recently observed company to take this course of action: American Family Insurance.

Now first of all, even 15 years ago that name was a mouthful. But over time, and especially with the on-going use of the American Family Insurance jingle, the name has become well-known and well-appreciated. But they adopted a short domain name – AmFam – and have begun using that name as well as the long name in their advertising.

I think that just leads to confusion and dilutes the brand.

Even in the environment of texting and twittering I believe the longer, well-known and well-respected American Family Insurance name stands for something they are in danger of losing if they become known as AmFam. That loss is their heritage and their image of a responsible and well-respected insurance company. I personally look for stability and traditional values from my financial services, especially in light of the recent AIG and banking disasters. WaMo didn’t do much for Washington Mutual, did it?

Let me know if your agree or not with my admittedly reactionary response to this nick name approach to being “up-to-date”. Leave your comment below.

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In business naming, the use of specialized dictionaries of commonly used clichés, colloquialisms, idioms and slang expressions can be valuable.

You may find appropriate names there, and if someone has not already preempted them, they can be yours. I’m thinking of expressions like “Bug Out” for an exterminator, “Close Shave” for a barber, “The Acid Test” for a laboratory.

But there’s another and better use for these dictionaries.

You can find expressions that apply to the opposite of the benefit or tone you wish to adapt and substitute your own word for an offending word. These are often negative phrases to begin with which you make positive with the word switch. You may also find other word substitutions that aren’t opposites, just refreshing twists that generate an “aha” reaction with readers.

A prime example of this technique was the naming of Sears up-scale home furnishing stores: The Great Indoors. We’ve all heard of the expression, the great outdoors, so when Sears adopted this switch, they had an instantly memorable, fresh and appropriate name.

Now this technique takes some time and effort to isolate those phrases that have the right attributes. I personally have been successful with this approach only once or twice, but if you find another The Great Indoors, it will be worth it.

Here are two I’ve created that saw the light of day:

Grapes of Goodness (from Grapes of Wrath)
Phi Beta Data (from Phi Beta Kappa)

In the box above are several clichés I thought might potentially yield substitution-naming results. I challenge you to find potential name candidates for each. If you have one or two you’re really proud of, share them with us by posting them in the comments area below. No prizes, just the satisfaction of showing off your creative nature.

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Business naming can be a trend-following activity.

When a lot of company names are just three letters, many think that would be a cool way to name their business. Plus it doesn’t take a lot of thought – not to even mention creativity.
  

But unless those initials already stand for something  that’s appropriate for the company (MVP, QED, ASAP), initials don’t mean a thing to prospects and customers until they have a considerable history with the company. And then the initials have no actual meaning, just an identification – like a part number.
 
Initials have no personality They don’t resonate. They don’t elicit emotion. They are hard to remember, especially for those just experiencing the name. They don’t differentiate the company. They communicate no passion, history or expertise. They are just initials.
 
So I suggest going instead with a short, active one or two word name. Even if it’s a coined word name, that’s so much better than lifeless initials.

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A few days ago I mentioned Google as a naming resource and how you could use the search function to find comprehensive lists of naming terms for about any niche.

Well, there are other ways to use Google to find words and phrases you might find useful when compiling long lists of name candidates.

But first, you need a Google AdWords account. Don’t worry, it’s simple and only costs five dollars. You can get one by clicking here.

Then go to the Google Keyword Tool from your basic Google account page by clicking AdWords, then Tools in the upper row of buttons, and finally, on the Keyword Tool.

The Google Keyword Tool was invented to help those wishing to advertise (Google AdWords) on Google to identify keywords those advertisers could target. The lists compiled through the Google Keyword search facility are relevant words to the main keyword you type into the search box. Be sure to search for synonyms as well as the regular “long-tail” keyword search. Long-tail refers to phrases that are more specific than most one and two word keywords, i.e., “high heeled red pumps” as opposed to the more generic “red shoes”.
So by querying the Google Keyword search function, you will get a hundred
or more words and phrases relevant to your inputted keyword. And then you can search some of the likely candidates you discovered by running them through the search process again. You are drilling down even further to expose more long-tail naming candidates.

You can select the ones you wish to “keep” and save them to a text file or a .csv (Excel) file. An example of such a selection, based upon the keyword “score”, is presented on the left. The words gleaned from this search offer additional fields to plow for even more relevant words and phrases you may use in naming a business or product. In the case of the example to the left, 17 candidates were found in an initial list of 100-plus in about 15 minutes, less than one candidate a minute.

Thus, you are adding to the list of name candidates. And remember, the longer the list, the more likely a super name will emerge.

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Business and product names can carry a certain mystique or even a classy tone if derived from foreign words.

Good Taste in seven languages

But there are some warnings. First, be sure the phrases generated are pronounceable in English. And second, be sure to have a native of the country you’ve “borrowed” the name candidate from look at the name for any problems in the translation. Sometimes context will dictate the meanings in other languages just as they do here (what does “mean” mean?).

So if you don’t know Italian, French, Spanish, etc., how do you explore foreign-derived words and phrases?

Well, one way is to use the many published foreign phrase dictionaries. I own four or five. But the problem is that it’s difficult to find translations of the words you want to specifically use. You need to know something of the foreign language because they’re arranged alphabetically by foreign phrase.

You can also use a good English-to-French or English-to-Dutch dictionary for single words. But it’s time-consuming, particularly if you’re attempting to develop names based on a phrase.

Well, there’s a better way – a way only the Internet could provide. There’s a site called SDL|Translation that allows you to type in an English phrase, select translating language and click for translations.

In fact, for any particular language you can enter multiple phrases and words in English, click and get translations for each that you’ve entered. You can copy your English list and paste it into the Spanish translator, get your results and paste the list into the Chinese translator, and then another and another.

And, yes, the service is free.

So if you want to explore relevant words and phrases in foreign languages, try SDL|Translations.

Bonne oeuvre

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Here are the highlights from a scan of last week’s (Aug 2-10) business naming blogs.

• Luxury Brand Naming on Ketchup?

August 11, 2009
- The economy is like a boat in that we all rise and fall with the tide, even stalwards like Tiffany and Rollex.

• Greedy Guccis Barred from Using the Gucci Brand Name for Their Product Naming

August 11, 2009
- Oh, what tangled webs we weave!

• Why We Love Coining New Product Names From "Twitter"

August 11, 2009

• Natural Product Naming Rids Kimberly-Clark of the Kleercut "Brand"

August 11, 2009
- As I’ve said before, naming and branding “green” is no longer a differentiator. Now consumers are expecting products to be responsible – all products. And with the dubious claims for being environmentally friendly just because you’ve gone to a less substantial plasic bottle, no one is convinced of manufacturer claims.

• Go Go Godzilla!: Don’t Mess with Toho Co, They Protect Their Mark Fiercely

August 11, 2009
- Trademarks are sometimes difficult for the courts to judge. How far will Godzilla go? Is Filezilla next?

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Naming help can come from your good friend, Google.

By searching for your “trigger” word followed by “+names”, you can find many specialized lists of names that might be adopted for your business or product name.

And remember, the more name candidates you can generate, the more likely a great name will surface.

For example, if you want to explore using bird names, your search for “birds+names” would bring up several very relevant web sites. One site in this category brought me to Cal Photos where hundreds of birds from around the world are named – and photos provided.

Starling, Mallard, Grosbeak or Sparrow might be a good business name

Another site provided Obsolete English Names of North American Birds
and Their Modern Equivalents

While another brought up not only a list of bird names but also the “group” names to which they belong. (We know about bevies of quail, but did you know about convocations of eagles and wedges of swans?)

And then there’s the authority site, Ornithology.com, where six or seven different sources of bird names are linked.

Well, you get the idea. And if you don’t get many “hits” by adding “+name”, you can try “+list” or “+identify”. Each subject will have a different set of nomenclature, and people passionate enough to compile comprehensive name lists. But a five-minute Google search ought to identify many naming ideas.

Google is indeed a great naming resource.

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